Analysing on Liberty by John Stuart Mill Essay

Humanity’s attempts to study the state of society have stretched back throughout the ages. From forefathers such as Socrates or Aristophanes to the great enlightenment philosophers of Locke or Voltaire, all have grappled with the questions of how humanity best functions as a collective. John Stuart Mill, hailed as a paradigmatic liberal political philosopher, continues this tradition of thought in his work On Liberty published in 1859. Mill’s major argument made is that the individual is sovereign in their actions insofar as they do not impeach upon the rights of others. His justifications centre strongly on the principles of utilitarianism, providing a model he believes to offer the greatest happiness to the greatest number. Through specific analysis it can be seen that he optimizes societal benefit by placing import on individuality but conversely justifying exactly when governance and restraint need to be exercised. Overall, his conclusions are an attempt to unify two competing social factors, individual liberty against circumstances in which power can be exerted over another, articulated in what has become known as the ‘harm principle’. The first and most fundamental principle Mill holds is outlined in the introductory chapter and describes the necessity for man to be free over â€Å"Over himself, over his own body and mind† (Mill, 1859: 31). Individual liberty is not only considered personally fulfilling, but also beneficial to the progress of civilisation for â€Å"Mankind are greater gainers by suffering each other to live as seems good to themselves, than by compelling each to live as seems good to the rest† (Mill, 1859: 33). It is important to note that Mill does not endorse freedom of expression for its own sake but for the greater purpose of stimulating discourse â€Å"His argument for liberty of expression is in fact an argument for liberty of discussion† (Larvor, 2006: 3) To support his claims, he highlights three primary freedoms in order of importance. Firstly, the freedom of thought itself should be unrestricted; second we should have the freedom to pursue ‘tastes †¦ to suit our own character’ (Mill, 1859: 33) regardless of whether social convention deems  otherwise; lastly, the freedom for citizens to unite, providing such action will not harm others. This idea of the ‘harm principle’ is prominent in On Liberty for each of these freedoms are subject to the overarching rule that liberty is complete so long as it does not â€Å"without justifiable cause, do harm to others† (Mill 1859: 72). He also notes that it is obvious that freedom of thought and of the mind does not directly correlate to freedom of action, for â€Å"No one pretends that actions should be as free as opinions† (Mill 1859: 72). He bases this on the logic that if ones free actions impinge upon another’s happiness, then the affected party’s own freedom is violated, outweighing the benefits of the first individual’s liberty. His conclusion is therefore â€Å"that in things which do not primarily concern others, individuality should assert itself† (1859: 73). This reasoning is fundamentally based in utilitarianism, which Mill is a eminent proponent of, as the key deciding factor needs to be maximum pleasure for minimum harm. The harm principle is the primary restraining factor on an individual’s calculus of liberty however Mill is not so blindingly liberal that he does not acknowledge the importance of government in maintaining social stability. In fact, Mill’s definition of liberty itself is intimately linked with authoritative intervention for he â€Å"takes liberty to be the absence of human interference with the individuals actions† (Crocker, 1980: 1). Again, utility becomes the object of question in deciding how pervasive governing bodies ought be. Mill contends, â€Å"the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection†¦ His own good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant†. It is here where Mill refers to the idea of ‘tyranny of the majority’, that pressure from the masses can be as pervasive as an oppressive state for there is more intangible a difficulty in arguing â€Å"against the tyranny of the prevailing opinion and feeling.† (Mill, 1859: 7) Yet here it is apparent that Mill defends the use of public pressure to control offensive opinion. Where then is the line drawn regarding what is unique, individual and valuable thought, and what is deemed inappropriate? While Mill’s consistent self-criticism often enriches his argument, there are contradictory moments wherein his â€Å"expressions are not only ambiguous, but contradictory† (Parker, 1865: 5). The idea of utility is once again at play, however Mill’s contradictions destabilise his  main point being that the use of outside force can be used defensively against another’s individuality if it would cause another’s liberty harm. As well as discussing and arguing Mill offers a number of disclaimers in his argument including the inapplicability of children or those who require the care of others and also â€Å"backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage† (Mill, 1859: 14). He also notes that a person â€Å"A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inaction† such as failing to help save a person when they are directly able to but choose against it. This idea has been argued against extensively in modern debate, particularly on a legal level. Many states, Australia amongst them, require no duty or obligation to act in such a way, the â€Å"rationale [being] the protection of the autonomy† (Edelman, 2011: 2). Liberty is irrevocably violated if one has no choice in a matter, even if that matter may be for social good. In an attempt to promote utilitarianism and provide an argument that supports social wellbeing, Mill has contradicted his own seemingly inviolate idea of individual sovereignty. Another hole in his discourse is that â€Å"There seems then no obstacle in principle within utilitarian morality to a policy which indeed prevents harm but at the expense of the most basic interests of a minority† (Gray, 2003: 7). Once more the tyranny of the majority is at question and Mill’s regard for individuality is destabilized by the conflicting interest of utilitarianism. It is apparent that Mill’s account is not watertight and this is acknowledged with the criticism On Liberty has received. In essence Mill concerns himself with the â€Å"struggle between authority and liberty,† (Mill, 1859: 3) as the essential factors to be balanced in order to maintain stable society. On an individual level, liberty is restrained by the harm principle and on a social plane; governance and public pressure control it. Beyond these factors, individuality is considered a sacred thing, which should be embraced for the good of progress. His entire theory is grounded solidly in utilitarian ideals, whereby social progression and greatest satisfaction is the primary goal. While a number of contentious arise throughout Mills’ discussions, overall the arguments are logical and coherent. On Liberty wi ll continue to be an iconic if not contentious piece in political literature, as will most social theory which has been and will come in the future. Reference List Edelman, James. 2011. ‘Change of position: A defence of unjust disenrichment’ (presented at the launch of the Restatement (Third) Restitution and Unjust Enrichment, Boston University Law School 16-17 September 2011) Gray, John and Smith, G.W., eds. 2002. ‘JS Mill’s On Liberty In Focus’. London: Routeledge Gray, John. 1983. ‘Mill: On Liberty. A Defence’ Gray, John. 1979. ‘John Stuart Mill: Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations’. Literature of Liberty 2(2): 7-37 Hayek, F.A. 2011. ‘The Constitution of Liberty’. New York: The University of Chicago Press. Larvor, Brendan. 2006. â€Å"Mill on Liberty of Thought and Discussion† in John Stuart Mill: On Liberty Discussions (British Humanist Association). Mill, John Stuart. (1859). On Liberty. London: Cambridge University Press.

Dalai Lama

In the excerpt â€Å"Ethics and the New Genetics† The Dalai Lama, also known as Tenzin Gyatso, presents to use the new arising discovery that scientists made in genetic technologies and how advanced they are becoming. He discusses how scientists are talking about being able to change the genetic make-up in produce to help those who cannot or have the advantage of having food. Another thing he brings up is how the scientists also discovered two different types of cloning. One type of cloning is therapeutic and the other is reproductive. In the Dalai Lama’s excerpt he stated that there is right time and place for when we should use these technological and genetic advances. But at the same time if we use these technological and genetic advances in the wrong way or at the wrong time it can end up being a long term consequence for our present and future society. As the Dalai Lama stated we should these technological and genetics advances only when it is to benefit people as human beings. An example he discussed was for when the talk of changing the gene factor in produce should only be used to help feed the world, not for solely making the discovery of changing the shelf life of apples or having wheat and other grains immune to pests when growing in the field. These types of genetic changes should only be used to benefit the human race. By actively manipulating the gene, we are on the cusp of forcing as unnaturally quick rate of change in animals and plants as well as our own species† ( Dalai Lama, 77) Only realizing that there are a morally right reasons to do that, at the same time it could be endangering the future as Dalai Lama stated and in a way that is what is not be considered. The Dalai Lama did say however though that cloning is okay if we are using it to save lives, but not for the purpose of trying to have the perfect child for you or anyone else. Therapeutic cloning is the type of cloning that is meant to make a perfect child, which is wrong in almost every way. Though it is a tragedy for those families that cannot have let’s say a normal child or even have a child it is still not morally right to go and technology work on another child to give that family a child of their own. Reproductive cloning is simply creating an identical copy of an already born child and that is normal in today’s society because a lot of people have twins. But it is not normal for a family that cannot have a child to go and make a copy of another child, though as the Dalai Lama stated it may be an identical body, but there will be two different consciousnesses and they will still die. Overall, technological and genetic advances should only be solely used for the benefit for the human beings and the human benefit, not for as Dalai Lama mentioned commercial benefits.

Economic Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Geography - Essay Example vious recessions in 1990-1991 and 2001, the 2007 economic recession has run deep into the economy becoming the longest financial crisis since the great depression in the 1930s (Kaiser 3). Many states reacted by formulating large stimulus mechanisms in an effort to stabilize the economy. Other mechanisms were bailout of leading financial institutions, which included loans, guarantees and equity. The National Bureau of Economic Research and economists have indicated that the financial recession was triggered in the year 2006 by the broad economic malaise. The sharp deterioration in house prices reduced purchases of homes subsequently damaging the real estate market. Price deterioration extended to increased mortgage closure that subsequently led to massive losses in billions of dollars by leading banks in the country. The ultimate condition was tightening credit by financial institutions. The Federal Reserve Bank began to cut the discount rate and funds rate to no avail. Major Banks such as Lehman Brothers started filing for bankruptcy. Other banks opted to undertake mergers and acquisition. JPM Chase acquired Bear Stearns as a strategy to survive in the crippling economy. As indicated by Cadieux & Conklin (9), the Federal Reserve cut the two rates below 2% by the fall of October 2008. In the same line central banks of leading world economies like China, Canada and United Kingdom as well as the ECB slashed their rates to rescue the global economy. These efforts had little impact as liquidity problem that proved to have spread widely and damaged operation and of financial institutions. The rate of unemployment increased by 1.2% while an increasing number of distributions of jobless claims in the industry proved the economy was under recession (Cadieux & Conklin 12). The manufacturing and construction industries experienced large labor losses that significantly shattered business cycle. Although the level of unemployment declined as time moved to the end of

Designing the questions of the survey and interview Dissertation

Designing the questions of the survey and interview - Dissertation Example There are several advantages of Likert scale (Kothari, 2008). First of all it is easy to construct. Secondly it makes the respondent answer each of the questions in the instrument. This means that more data can be collected. Survey questionnaire: How did you get to know about our cafe? 1. From advertising 2. Word of mouth 3. From a travel agency or catalog 4. From magazine How was the service at the table reservation? 1. Excellent. 2. Good 3. Satisfactory 4. Poor Purpose of your visit to our cafe. 1. Business 2. Meetings& events 3. Relaxation /wellness 4. Health & fitness How was the check in procedure ? 1. Excellent 2. Good 3. Satisfactory 4. Poor How was the reception? 1. Excellent 2. Good 3. Satisfactory 4. Poor How was the food quality? 1. Excellent 2. Good 3. Satisfactory 4. Poor How was the service of the coffee shop? 1. Excellent 2. Good 3. Satisfactory 4. Poor How do you rank the menu of the coffee shop? 1. Excellent 2. Good 3. Satisfactory 4. Poor Would you recommend our Caf e to friends or family? Yes No How was the standard of cafe services? 1. Excellent 2. Good 3. Satisfactory 4. Poor Do you prefer any other cafe better than us? ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Please comment on our services which may help us to improve in future. --------------------

Sct2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Sct2 - Essay Example It will be done through conducting case studies involving qualitative structured interviews, content analysis of documents, and research from secondary sources. Knowledge-intensive organisations are heavily involved with and dependent on knowledge. Starbuck (1992) defined them as having a greater importance for knowledge than other inputs and outputs. In the knowledge-based world we now live in, knowledge is a very important resource (Rooney et al, 2005). Moreover, knowledge-intensive organisations are playing a central role; and are responsible for the radical transformations taking place (Schienstock, 2004) in our knowledge society. This knowledge function of management has therefore completely changed the former bureaucratic concept characterised by managing a standardised organisational structure, planning methods, work processes, and so on (Mintzberg, 1983). Knowledge management policies refer to those methods employed that â€Å"support the creation, transfer, storage, retrieval and application of knowledge, and they can include technical as well as human components† (Jemielniak & Kociatkiewicz, 2009:174). This may be in a comprehensive manner or as special localised tools. For the former, implementation support systems may be established that aim to make knowledge management easier. Such systems would deal with not only establishing appropriate structures, and technical systems in place, but also providing effective leadership and organisational culture. Generally, innovation is facilitated by highly flexible structures â€Å"because they push people to interact and encourage creativity† (Jemielniak & Kociatkiewicz, 2009:174), and technical systems are based on information and communication technologies. Establishing the right culture would be necessary because it can then allow continuous advantages to be gained. The figure below shows a visualisation of the components of a knowledge management system

Future Trends in HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Future Trends in HR - Essay Example The digital age enables part-time, remote work along with new paradigms that reward creativity. Motivation cohesive teams capitalize upon new systems of applying human intellect. Certain advances in HRM have helped meet these challenges. Holistic management helps leaders see people within an organizational framework where these process networks are emerging (Chiavenato 2001). Some of the traditional roles of HRM have become domain of middle management, and strategic planning has become a task for HRM. Joint decisions and communication augment this emerging corporate culture.Helping employees develop their full potential as well as developing alternatives to traditional conflict management are just some of the new trends toward more effective HRM. As globalization continues to consolidate many of the previously disparate systems in business, HRM is changing to meet these new challenges. It is becoming more and more dynamic and is emerging as a synergistic force in this global economy. Nevertheless, as nuances in organizations appear, HRM must adapt to dynamically meet these demands. Chiavenato, I. (2001). Advances and challenges in human resource management in the new millennium.

Taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Taxes - Essay Example Using charitable trusts is another way to reduce income tax, especially for the ones who belong to high income group as these trusts help you to give charity generously, giving you a big tax break (Karayan & Swenson, 2006). At the time of selling of valuable assets, one can easily minimize Capital Gains tax with the help of one of the most secure asset protection program known as Private Annuity Tax (PAT) which minimizes even smaller properties like artwork or jewelry. When a property is transferred into PAT, it results in smaller tax expense. Another way of minimizing Capital Gains is to get an ISA (Individual Savings Account). Investors can put sufficient funds in ISA and gains made inside this account are CGT-free. Moreover, one more strategy is used which is: Investing in small companies through special tax efficient programs. In this way, one can claim for Capital Gains tax previously paid. One of the most popular vehicles used to reduce Estate tax is to ‘uniform transfer to minors’. Such type of gifting occurs where your children are minors. The gift is handed over to a guardian and when the children reach the age of majority. Marital transfers is another useful way in which assets are transferred to a surviving spouse, who should not be a non-citizen, which minimized the estate tax which is due. Lastly, Quality Family-Owned Business Interest (QFOBI) is another way in which it reduces the gross value of the state and automatically reduces the amount of estate tax which is charged on the net value of the state (Karayan, et al., 2002). I am very much hopeful that I have provided you significant and useful amount of information about the vehicles for reducing taxes and these vehicles could be regarded as substantial means for taxes

Causes Of Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Causes Of Cancer - Essay Example Occupation-related cancer comprises 5 to 20% of the cases. The minimum of 200,000 people worldwide dies annually from cancer induced by harmful workplace conditions. The majority of deaths linked to occupational risk factors happen in the developed countries. In the U.S. only, 20,000 cancer deaths and 40,000 newly registered cases a year can be attributed to dangerous chemicals inhaled or contacted with while at work. Genetic factors can also play a crucial role in cancer development. Mutations of the genome alter the growth patterns and make targeted cells potentially cancerous. Sometimes, genetic mutations may be present from the moment of birth, and a syndrome is called family cancer syndrome. The mutation usually occurs in one or several tumor suppressor genes. Such individuals are predisposed to having cancer, but they do not necessarily develop clinical signs. Every gene is represented in the cell with two copies called alleles. Cancer syndromes are usually transferred in the autosomal dominant way. This means that even one altered allele is enough for the individual to be predisposed to cancer. Potential children of such a person and an individual with two intact alleles are at a 50% risk of being born sick (Brown & Anderson, 2007). The regularity, called a two-hit hypothesis, says that the first hit is the genome mutation and the second one happens later in life. Since only one allele is to be altered, the chance of developing a disease is higher in affected people than in the rest of population.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Essay Example Particles that are 1-5 mm in size may be kept airborne for prolonged periods, and when inhaled by a susceptible individual, the droplet traverses through the nasal passages, towards the lung alveoli where they are engulfed by macrophages and distributed throughout the body. The bacteria may remain dormant but still viable for many years (this is called latent TB infection). People with latent TB infection are not infectious, but have 10% chance of developing an active TB infection later in life. Persons who have poor immune systems or who have other sicknesses have higher risks of being actively infected; for example, persons with HIV have the highest risk of getting TB (Gandhi, et al., 2006). Co-infection with other diseases increases the difficulty in treating the tuberculosis. A TB patient that has high chances of enhancing transmission has the following characteristics: a) lung disease; b) has cough; c) positive for presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in the sputum; d) does not c over mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing; e) has chest cavitations as observed in the chest radiograph or X-ray; f) and did not finish the whole range anti-TB drug therapy (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005). The likelihood of transmitting TB to others is enhanced in relatively small, enclosed spaces with inadequate local ventilation that does not ensure the removal of the air droplets containing the bacterium. M. tuberculosis by itself does not cause harm because it does not produce any toxin. However it can steadily build up and increase in number in the body. It attaches to surfaces in the lungs and produces deposits called tubercles. The tubercles cause inflammation and parasitically deplete the nutritional requirements of the host resulting in what is known as the condition of â€Å"consumption†. This condition results in loss in appetite, over-all weakness and coughing as more tubercles are formed in the patient. Tuberculosis is a global problem; in 2006, the disease killed 1.7 million people and is the main cause of deaths in people with HIV/AIDS (World Health Organization, 2009). Eight million people worldwide, and in the US, 1 in 14,801 or 0.01% of the population are actively infected. The World Health Organization estimates that one-third of the world’s population harbor the TB bacterium, with potential of becoming actively infected. Tuberculosis can also be transmitted from persons who have the bacterium but are not being treated for TB, or from persons with TB, but are unaware that they have it. Infectiousness of individuals also vary; some patients are never infectious, while those that are unaware that they have TB and are not receiving treatment could be infectious for prolonged periods (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1994). Symptoms of TB are persistent cough, bloody sputum, weight loss, night sweats and fever. Tests for TB are available and should be performed if a person is thought to be infected especially in countries or regions where TB is prevalent. To diagnose TB, chest radiography (or X-rays), skin tests, and sputum microscopy and culture are performed. All of these tests may be necessary to make a diagnosis. The purified protein derivative (PPD)-tuberculin skin test is the only known test that can detect the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but care should be given in interpreting the results. Chest x-rays are suggestive of TB if cavitation

Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hinduism - Essay Example Vedas are meant to guide all the Hindus. The religion has really expanded its wings worldwide since its initiation. It is believed that consecration to the religion even interfered with the British stranglehold. This essay explains some of the facts and issues concerning Hinduism ritual. Hinduism is believed to have started in the Indus valley and a larger percentage of followers are found in India. Most of the facts and important issues about Hinduism are preserved in the Vedas. The Aryans took with them the Persian and the Western concepts to the Hindu culture. Hindu’s divinity were said to be normal supremacies of heaven and earth and they revered their gods via conducting animal sacrifices (Matthews 72-74). The Aryans’ gods were shining objects which portrayed nice things for human beings. Hindus believe that Asuras are evil powers that signify hurtful things to humans. Intermingling of Aryans and the natives (Dravidians) led to sharing of rites and customs with the natives. However, most of the Hindus rituals are majorly formed by the Aryans’ culture and practices. The Aryan practices dominated the Davidians for reasons not known. Some scholars blame the Aryans dominant culture on stratification while others think that the Aryans were just superior to the natives (Rinehart 123-127). There are four collections of the Vedas and the popular Veda is known as the Ring Veda. Other Vedas include the Yajur Veda, the Sama Veda, and the Artharva Veda. These Vedas have many different roles in the religion. For instance, some Vedas contain prayers and other information regarding devotion while others have people’s daily worries such as lust (Matthews 75-80). The Vedas are regarded as the basis and the roots for Hinduism since they contain variety of clarifications concerning the religion. The Hindus’ leaders are called Brahmins who execute rites under their powers. Brahmins have the responsibility of inspiring devotees and influence other people worldwide to favor their religion (Rinehart 123-127). Hindus have several gods that include the Agni that ascend from Purusha and the Indra deity, the Soma which is regarded as very important god and finally the Varina who is considered as the preserver of truth. There are some groups that branched from the original Hinduism such as Upanishads. Contemporarily, Hinduism has established four main goals which they regard as important in pursuing the peak of release in their lifespan. Hindus regard Dharma as the right way of living and studying to achieve lasting happiness while Karma is considered as the law of cause and effect (Matthews 75-80). Bhagavad Gita came up with distinct tracks for Hindu devotees to walk through. Bhagavad Gita was followed by the Puranas and the Tantaras which have engrained detailed information regarding the divinities and service to the deities. Hinduism is a very unique religion which greatly honors the Vedas as well as traditional customs and practices unlike the Western religions that believe in the progress of events since their initiation. Hinduis believe that there are cycles of events that take place in their religion and that whatever is exact for the universe also applies to mankind (Fuller 62-65). The most interesting things about Hinduism are their rituals and symbols. Just like any other religion from across the world, rites and rituals are very important aspects of the religion. These rites and rituals play vital role in identification of the religion in question. To Hindus, most of these customs are compulsory but very flexible since devotees in different regions follow different customs. These rituals further ensure that the devotees do not go off the spiritual life

The Intellectual Challenge Essay Example for Free

The Intellectual Challenge Essay The intellectual challenge was equally unprecedented. From the beginning of the modern age, there were significant segments of the intellegentsia which did not content themselves with any of the newly fashioned apologies for Judaism. They accepted the ideals of the outside liberalism, nationalism, and, later, socialism not because they had supposedly originated in Judaism but because they had not. What made these values attractive was that they promised to fashion a new secular world which would transcend and destroy all aspects of medievalism. The assimilationists, those Jews who consciously strove to give up their own identity entirely in order to become undifferentiated individuals in the modern world, were thus truly messianic. The very completeness and unconditionality of their surrender to the dominant values of the majority were a program for the final solution of the Jewish question: let the Jew become like everybody else, yielding up his claim to chosenness and being relieved of his role as scapegoat. Let society run on its universal and immutable principles, rooted in reason and natural law, which know neither positive nor negative exceptions for the Jew. Above all, let him disappear from the center of the stage, his own and the worlds, to be one among many equally important small incidents in the history of mankind. This was a kind of messianism that could have arisen only out of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, for it was fundamentally at variance with both the Jewish and the Christian concepts of such an age. Jew is equally important to the traditional Christian version of the end of days: he is not chosen but damned, but that is negative chosenness; he is doomed to wandering and suffering, because he once rejected Jesus, but the indispensable preamble to the Second Coming and the end of days is his conversion. It is beyond doubt that the long-standing Christian desire to convert the Jews was a significant aspect of the climate of opinion toward the end of the eighteenth century which prepared the ground for their emancipation. Liberal Christians believed that this would be a short cut to the devoutly desired result. So the Abbe Gregoire, the leader of this school of thought in revolutionary France, argued in a famous essay written in 1787 and published two years later, as the delegates were gathering to the meeting of the Estates-General in Paris, that the granting of religious liberty to the Jews would be a great step forward in reforming and in converting them, for truth is most persuasive when it is gentle. Â   What is even more apparent is that many of the philosophies of the Enlightenment, despite the ethical universalism and the vague deism or atheism in religion with which they were consciously subverting Christianity, were most reluctant to part with old-fashioned anti-Semitism. In fear of censorship and the Bastille, they may, indeed, have had to shoot their arrows of ridicule at Moses instead of the Apostles, in order to conduct their war against the Church in Aesopian language; but there is an edge and a nastiness to Voltaires comments on the Jews, an insistence that it is hardly conceivable that even reason can reform them, which sets one of the patterns for modern anti-Semitism: to uphold a universal and secular ideal e. g. , liberalism, nationalism, or socialism but to exclude the Jews from its purview and effect. Nonetheless, at its most ideologically consistent, the Enlightenment proposed full acceptance of the Jew in the new society of which it dreamed. His faults which even pro-Jewish writers like Dohm, Mirabeau, and Gregoire waxed eloquent in describing were, they maintained, not innate but caused by his unfortunate estate, and his claims to chosenness could be disregarded as a psychological defense the Jew found it necessary to cultivate to relieve the misery of his enslavement. All this would disappear, transmuted into good civisme even among this, the most difficult group to usher into the life of the modern world, once all of society is reformed. It is therefore true, as Nordau once observed that the Emancipation came to the Jews not out of humanitarian fervor, not as a reconciliation of age-old conflicts, but for the sake of the abstractions, reason and natural law. But the Jewish enthusiasts of assimilation chose to overlook that the Emancipation was not essentially conceived out of tender regard for the Jews: they preferred to accept it with passion as the totally messianic era that it purported to be.

Fooled Into Collectivism Essay Example for Free

Fooled Into Collectivism Essay In most Collective Societies people are tricked into thinking that it will be better for them, than their old form of government. Most of them are fooled into believing that they will have a perfect life, and they will never have any more problems. In Anthem, a science fiction novel written by Ayn Rand, everyone thinks that their life is perfect and that this way of life is the only option they have. The people in these societies have accepted that the way of life they are used to is utterly wrong and the correct way is to give up everything for the good of everyone. The citizens of Anthem say, â€Å"There are no men but only the great WE, One, indivisible and forever† (Rand 19). This shows that their governments officials have made them think that now they are perfect and they will live and reign forever. In Anthem’s â€Å"perfect† society they work as one for common goals. For example they all do separate jobs to help the community get things accomplished. When the children are young they are all taught to be exactly like everyone else. Equality explains, â€Å"We strive to be like all our brother men, for all men must be alike.† (Rand 7). Equality had a lot of trouble with this, because he loved to learn and experiment with new things. Fooling the citizens wasn’t the only tactic the leaders used. They also used fear to scare them into thinking that their way of life is the only way that will work for them. Equality says, â€Å"There is fear hanging in the air of the streets. Fear walks through the city, fear without name, without shape. All men feel it and none dare to speak.† (Rand 43). This fear also helped them trick people into thinking that they are very powerful, when really they have no guards or locks on the doors. Through conning and inducing fear, leaders have changed their people’s way of life for the good of everyone instead of themselves. Their government has been transformed into a Collectivist based society.

Social work case study: Young and single mother

Social work case study: Young and single mother General Category of Service User: Level One Erikson’s ‘Stages of Human Development’ (Kalat, 2010, p.173) divides a human’s life into stages. Each stage highlights specific tasks which have to be completed before moving onto the next stage. Each stage creates its own physical, social and emotional conflicts. These stages help to determine where a person is in their life, rather than basing it on their age. Rachel Clark is nineteen years old, and is at the physical stage of a young adult, late teens to early twenties. However, as she has not yet developed her identity, it is fair to say she is still at the stage of an adolescent, early teens. Erikson greatly emphasised the adolescent period, as it is a fundamental stage for a person to develop their identity. The main conflict at this stage is better known as identity versus role confusion. Since moving back to Northern Ireland from Liverpool, Rachel had to move from one friend’s house to another before finally finding a place of her own. This m ay have affected Rachel’s confidence and increased her stress. Prior to meeting with Rachel it is important to consider where she is now living and who her peers are. Theories such as ‘Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs’ (Taylor Devine, 1993, p.44) is relevant to Rachel’s case as it is important to understand if her psychological needs are being met in order for her to grow. In an attempt to address unmet need, the use of interventions, such as assessment is proposed and these requirements are legislated for in the Children Acts across the UK. Assessment is used to ‘†¦make possible informed decisions about meeting client needs’ (Taylor Devine, 1993, p.7) Assessment frameworks such as; Understanding the Needs of Children in Northern Ireland (UNOCINI) are used to not only assess the child but also to assess the parents’ capacity to meet the needs of the child. Additionally, assessment is used to help the service user and worker to identify any areas which require growth and change. The UNOCINI framework is also in line with legislation such as; the Children (NI) Order (1995) and Article 8 of the Human R ights Act (1998); right to respect for private and family life (legislation, n.d.), which are also fundamental while working with Rachel’s case. Additionally, the stages of Egan’s ‘Skilled Helper Model’ can assist in providing a ‘basic framework for the helping process’ (Egan, 2002, p.25). Each of these stages are a set of tasks based around a theme that assist clients in moving forward to help develop opportunities and provide assistance in managing problems. Information specific to the service user/s: Level two Rachel Clark is a nineteen year old, who is currently residing in Northern Ireland. She is a single parent to a son named Jamie, two years old. Rachel’s parents divorced when she was fifteen. Following this, her mother and twelve year old brother, Mark, moved to Liverpool with Mrs Clark’s boyfriend, Gavin. Rachel was unable to settle in Liverpool and quickly lost interest in her education. Rachel became pregnant at sixteen and gave birth to her son, Jamie, at seventeen. Rachel’s relationship with Jamie’s father ended before Jamie was born. Rachel returned to Northern Ireland six months ago with Jamie. Following this, Rachel had to move from one friend’s home to another until she was granted rented accommodation from a local housing association. It has also been mentioned that Rachel’s grandmother lives nearby and provides support for Rachel on a daily basis. There has been reason for concern with Rachel’s situation following a call fro m one of her neighbours, they wish to remain anonymous. It has been stated that Rachel is ‘partying all night and sleeping all day’, there is a collection of rubbish within Rachel’s garden and it has been reported that Jamie has been heard crying on occasions. Prior to the initial interview with Rachel, it is important to have a clear overview of objectives and aims prepared. The main aim is to engage with Rachel and some objectives may include: To find out if there is any truth in the allegations made against Rachel. If Rachel is acquiring the full financial/emotional support available to her. What kind of support she receives from her grandmother and to establish if respite may be required to give both Rachel and her grandmother a break from Jamie. As Rachel is a young mother, it is important to make sure she is receiving all the help and support that is available. These include financial support, housing support and any child maintenance that is available to her. Although Jamie’s father is not on the scene, Rachel will still be able to claim child maintenance. This is perhaps something that could be discussed with Rachel. The financial help available to Rachel is also something that could be discussed, to make sure she is receiving all the financial support possible. It is stated that Rachel receives daily support from her grandmother, but it does not state what kind of help or what age her grandmother is. It may also be important to consider if respite may be required for both Rachel and her grandmother, to allow them both to have a break from Jamie at times. Specific Phase of Work/Tuning in to SU’s feelings/anticipations of potential SU objectives: Level three. A key skill during the preliminary phase of social work is to develop a sense of empathy. It is also essential to develop some initial strategies for responding directly to indirect words or actions. This skill is described as ‘Putting the client’s feelings into words’ (Shulman, 2012, p.148). In Rachel’s case, it is important to consider what it might be like to be an adolescent. It is essential to get in touch with possible feelings and anxieties that a client might be feeling. In this case, Rachel may be feeling anxious about what kind of worker or person she is going to be meeting with. It is important to engage with the service user and to establish a rapport to help her feel at ease and to gain her trust. Furthermore, effective preparation highlights your concern for the service user and therefore makes them feel valued. It is important to consider how Rachel might be feeling during the point of first contact with social services. She may be feeling angry that someone has reported her for neglecting her son, as well as showing anxieties about whether or not she will have her son taken away from her. It is important to acknowledge how difficult it must be for Rachel to have a social worker talk to her about things that could be a sensitive subject. Tuning in to own feelings, values and skills: Level four. It is important for me, as a social worker, to tune into my own feelings and possible anxieties before beginning the first session with Rachel. The reason for this, is because if they are not addressed before hand then they may arise during the interview session, cause a distraction and may ultimately affect my ability to help Rachel. To establish a rapport with Rachel, personal values such as respect, honesty and compassion would be beneficial and would help to relax the client when they know you are showing a genuine interest. The values and skills within social work apply to the process of aiding others from a professional perspective. Professional values such as; social justice, respect for their rights and professional integrity will also come into effect before and during the interview with Rachel. A number of communication skills can be used to engage with Rachel. Talking and listening skills such as; paraphrasing, the use of open questions, clarifying, reflecting and summaris ing would show evidence of genuine interest. Other skills such as body language will show non-verbal indications of my attitude or feelings towards Rachel, so it is important to have an open posture. Likewise, the ability to respond to non-verbal cues are also important during the interview session. But, most importantly, the ability to be empathetic is a fundamental skill which is required to help develop strategies and relate to the service user. The use of non-verbal methods, such as; self-perception questionnaires, a problem tree or using a life line, are other communication skills which could be used to help Rachel interact with me. Additionally, Rachel might feel an impact of oppression with stereotyping based on her gender, age, gender or mental ability to cope. She may feel like the social services are judging her because she is a young, single mum and therefore, she might feel tense and under pressure. To understand how discrimination and inequalities are present in the int eraction between service users and social workers, it is useful to consider the situation in terms of three levels. The personal, cultural and societal level, referred to as Thompson’s PCS model (Thompson, 2012, p.33). Thompson’s PCS model is important to comprehend as it states how personal beliefs, cultural norms and structural institutions combine to create oppression in society. China: The Ancient Civilization China: The Ancient Civilization There is no modern without an ancient just as there is no present without a past. Everything we have today we owe to the bright minds of our ancestors, and their ancestors. Almost every gadget,  [1]  tool, and device we have today is the result of a persons effort to make life a little easier, a persons desire to explore something new, and a persons effort to understand the world around them. Of the ancient civilizations, it seems that the Chinese were the most curious, and most driven to enhance the quality of life. They had the most prominent and strongly impacting inventions not just during their time, but for all time. The Chinese inventions have three clear divisions. These are: recreational, medicinal and technological, and military. The people of ancient China made many significant advancements in the fields of both science and medicine, which only continues to show how sophisticated and modernized their way of thinking was back then. A lot of the medical treatments still being practiced by doctors today stem from ancient Chinese practices; records of such have been found as early as the Zhou Dynasty (1050-256 BCE). In Confucius The Book of Rites, there is a record that speaks about court physicians and their division of medical teaching into internal medicine, surgery, nutrition and veterinary practice, evidence that medicine was already very much developed during those times. Ancient China had contributed to many branches of medicine including of pharmacology, endocrinology, clinical medicine, public health, acupuncture, and medical education. The very beginning of Chinese medicine is attributed to Shennong, the legendary emperor, who had personally tasted hundreds of plants in order to discover which ones had medicinal values. He was also said to have introduced the technique of acupuncture. During the Han Dynasty, doctors were already using methods such as pulse-reading to examine patients for the purpose of diagnosis. Around 2nd century BCE, the Chinese discovered the anti-malarial properties of a plant called Artemisia (or Qing Hao), which they also used to cure skin diseases (apart from malaria). (1) It is the active substance called artemisinin or qinghaosu contained in the plant that enables it to fight the disease of malaria. It is so effective that even until today, this method of treatment continues to be used. Around 10th century CE, the inoculation or vaccination of smallpox was discovered in the southern province of Szechuan. It is said that Taoist alchemists, who lived as hermits in the mountain of O-Mei Shan , practiced this technique of inoculation, which later caught the attention of the public when the eldest son of Prime Minister Wang Tan died of smallpox. Records of what may be diabetes have also been found in ancient Chinese texts. In the text Huang Di Nei Jing, a syndrome named xiao ke was described in detail. This syndrome was said to arise from eating too much fatty and sweet foods, a description that is very similar to type 2 or insulin-independent diabetes (the most common form of diabetes today). The Chinese produced even minor treatments like eye drops, made from a plant called the Mahuang and promoted the importance of proper diets as a way to cure deficiency diseases. They made use of wine and hot water as medicine, and bronze knives and needles as surgical instruments. China has contributed quite a lot to the field of science and technology as well. Amazingly, many of these major scientific inventions, which are still in use today, began during the ancient times. Some of these discoveries were even accidental, which is the case for one of the most significant Chinese inventions in history: gunpowder. During the Han Dynasty, alchemists did extensive research and conducted many experiments in search for the elixir of immortality. In their search, they made use of substances like sulfur and saltpeter, which led them to discover many chemical properties along the way. It was during the Tang Dynasty that they discovered that sulfur and saltpeter, when combined with charcoal, caused an explosive effect, which is known today as huoyao or gunpowder. Gunpowder is considered to be one of the four great inventions of China; the other three are the compass, paper and printing technique. The compass was invented during the Qin Dynasty and was used by travelers to find their way back home after traveling to far lands in search for jade and other great treasures. The compass was called zhi nan zhen, which meant needle pointing south. The first person to use this tool was Zheng He of the Yunnan Province, who was ordered by the Emperor to make ocean voyages. Another invention, which was also used for determining direction, was invented by Huangdi and was called the zhi nan che or vehicle pointing south. Before paper came into existence, the Chinese would use bamboo slips, bones and tortoise shells to write on. Because these materials were bulky and heavy, many were discouraged from writing down their thoughts and daily experiences up until 105 CE, when the invention of paper was first reported. The name most attributed to this great invention is Tsai Lun, though it is not certain if he was the real inventor or just the court official that presented the invention to the emperor. Tsai Lun supposedly took inner bark of a mulberry tree along with bamboo fibers, and mixed them with water. He then pounded this mixture with a wooden tool, poured it into a piece of woven cloth and let the water drain through. The fibers that were left behind on the cloth formed the paper material. The printing technique, which made use of carved wooden blocks, first appeared in early Tang Dynasty but only became widely used during the Song Dynasty. This new invention encouraged central and local governments to publish more books. It was Bi Sheng who invented movable type printing during the Song Dynasty. The first machines invented in China include the potters wheel, deep drilling devices, efficient animals harnesses, the stirrup, escapements, wheelbarrows and the first computer. In 1st century CE, the Chinese invented the chain pump, which they still use until today. Around 132 CE, Zhang Heng invented the first ever seismograph, which was called the dragon jar. This device would simply register the occurrence of an earthquake using the eight dragonheads arranged around its brim. China is also the pioneer of wind direction devices including weather vanes. As early as 1st century BCE, the Chinese had records of wind seasons. Methods like forensic entomology and fingerprinting were already used in 700 CE as a way of solving murders and identifying people. Thumbprints were found on clay seals and on various official documents. The ancient Chinese people already had coal as an energy source as early as the Han Dynasty in hand with a coal mining industry. Coal was unearthed in Shan Hai Jing and Fushun in Northeast China. Along with coal unearthed in residential areas, the Shui Jing Zhu or notes on waterways classic had a narration of one of the coalmines in Ancient China, the Bingjingtai. Coal mining made good progress during the Song Dynasty wherein the government set up a special institution to facilitate coal mining and monopolize it. Now, a reasonable chunk of Chinese inventions were geared towards a particular aspect of life, making it easier and more enjoyable especially with the Chinese being biased towards the liberal arts as opposed to science because of the lack of conscious interest the people had towards science. A lot of inventions were pointed towards recreational use as well as making everyday functions easier or at least open the way to innovation. These inventions also wound up being adapted by many Western cultures and are still used or can be connected to their Chinese roots. These inventions which we see in our culture in our daily lives often have unknown roots to as where they were invented. They could be as important as the paper money system and toilet paper, or still as essential but on a lesser scale as restaurant menus and eyedrops. One of the greatest inventions of Ancient China is something we use in our everyday lives, paper. Although paper was initially used for wrapping and padding, the use of paper as a writing medium began in the 3rd century. Paper had many new ways of being used which was due to the Chinese knack for innovation. 6th century China began using it as toilet paper, something we cant live without in our present day. Paper was also used to make tea bags during the Tang dynasty, an age of culture in Chinese history. These tea bags are now a popular worldwide drink. Paper was considered one of the greatest inventions of Ancient China because of the position it had with exchanges between the East and the West. Paper is now seen in every society, culture, and part of the world as a essential medium for anything written or printed. A very important system we use today is the type of currency we use, paper money. Paper money or banknotes first appeared in China because the coins used for currency were sometimes too heavy to carry around especially for the rich folk. To address this problem, the coins were left to a trusted person in return for a piece of paper (Some kind of modern I.O.U) and the paper money was called jiaozi. Paper money or banknotes during ancient Chinese times often had a duration which discounted its value after some time until the reign of Kublai Khan during the Yuan dynasty in which he removed the durations and called the banknotes Chao. Another great invention of the Ancient Chinese are often seen in homes and in our daily lives, the use of pottery, porcelain and silk. Chinese pottery dates as far back as 8000 years ago and as compared to all historical periods, Chinese pottery was the one that kept improving and surpassing the quality of other civilizations with pottery (2). The production of pottery and porcelain was a whole culture in itself representing the Chinese economy, culture, science and technology. Though pottery started simple with simple shapes and rough features, the Chinese were able to mold it into something complex and beautiful for their culture. Among the most well-known works of pottery of Ancient China are the famous terracotta warriors and horses found in the tombs in Lintong of Shaanxi Province, the tomb of emperor Shihuang of the Qin dynasty. The tomb holding the terracotta army had thousands of clay soldiers and horses which had lifelike feautures and shows the skill of the ceramic artisans at that time. This marvelous display of the use of clay also represented the Chinese high value of life, believing that things in the tomb of people would accompany them in their second life, the afterlife. Though this belief started with the actual killing of servants, warriors and horses, the Chinese were able to see the value of life and instead use figurines as a substitute. Pottery advanced in many time periods during the Ancient Chinese era, from the ceramics during the Tang Dynasty which had three main colors, yellow, green and white up until the Zisha Tao or purple-clay pottery. China is also known as the capital of porcelain, a white, rigid and water-resistant piece of pottery. The use of porcelain boomed during the Song Dynasty with the discovery of a wide variety of designs. Porcelain from the Yuan dynasty was also widely regarded as top quality. Ming and Qing dynasties also had its own admirers as seen in this description, as thin as paper, as bright as mirror, as white as snow, and as resonant as chime stone (2). Silk was also a big part of Chinese culture that was discovered from silkworms eating on their mulberry trees. Silk was unearthed as far back as 4700 years ago in the Zhejiang Province in Eastern China. The use of silk was already popular during the Shang dynasty. Chinese people even included how to prevent silkworm diseases in the Li Ji or the Book of Rites. Silk was used to increase the dignity of the noble people as well as to add to the allure of their women. It also became a major export even opening the Silk Road. Silk and ceramics show the Chinese rich economy and culture because of how they were able to develop these arts as well as trade them to the world. (3) Tea and Wine are two beverages whose roots our society knows little about yet consume on a great scale. The ancient Chinese were the first people to process tea and make it into a beverage. Tea was said to have been discovered by Shennong, a legendary god who was cured by tea leaves from a coma. Tea was valued in ancient China even being offered to ranking officials as tributes and becoming an essential part of their everyday lives. People of the Tang dynasty had a saying that people can do without food  [2]  for several days but not a single day without tea. Tea was another valuable export of the Chinese people (4). The Chinese were also the first to discover wine. Yi Di was said to be the first to make wine and making wine probably started in the Yangshao period, about 4000 to 5000 years ago. The Chinese came up with many different methods of creating yeast for their wines, a sign of their innovation and creativity. A big achievement in Chinese history regarding wine was durin g the Song Dynasty, when hongqu or red yeast was used (5). Wine is a beverage that was adopted by the West and have been made in their own ways like the in the vineyards of Italy and other countries. A very important spice was also given its first use by the Chinese, salt. It was as early as 2700 B.C.E. that salt was already used for pickling in China, salt trade also helped finance the Great Wall. The Chinese also made important contributions to Astronomy. Emperor Huangdi often observed the stars to make out a calendar as well as naming metal, wood, fire, water and earth as the five elements. He even understood the concept of leap months and days in the calendar. A lot of astronomers in China were able to observe the stars and was compiled by the astronomer Chen Zhou. With this map, people were able to make the star atlas and catalogue with coordinates for each star. The advanced techniques used by the Chinese astronomers during the Warring States Period prove that they led the world in astronomy and astronomical tools (6). There were also many minor inventions the Chinese had which was adopted by the west and used by society in the present day. They invented the kite initially for war but became a tool for entertainment in the mid Tang Dynasty. Its popularity goes as far as the emperor Huizong actually presiding over a compilation about kites called A Collection of Kites from the Xuanhe Years (7). And their attempt to fit a man inside a kite led to the popular extreme sport we know today as Hang-gliding. Similar to the kites initial purpose, the hot-air balloon also became popular for entertainment during the Yuan dynasty wherein it attracted a lot of popular viewers. The original creator of the hot-air balloon was a war tactician named Zhuge Liang (8). Board games such as Mahjong also became popular because of the Chinese inventions, the Domino in particular (Dominoes). They were apparently derived from the cubic dice, which had been popular in Ancient China. The Chinese even helped give us some popul ar sports the world acknowledges today, specifically Archery, Golf and even Football. Archery goes back all the way to the Paleolithic age in Shanxi Province wherein archeologists unearthed finely made arrowheads. China was also the birthplace of the worlds number one sport, Football otherwise known as Soccer. Football was initially called cu ju which translates to kick ball in Ancient China. Inscriptions on bones and turtle shells during the Shang Dynasty proves that the sport was born in China. The ball was initially made of leather and hair while the first inflated ball was made during the late Tang Dynasty with the use of animal bladders. The game was said to have spread to the West because of wars with foreign countries(9). Chui wan or strike pellet is said to be the origin of the game Tiger Woods dominates, Golf. Other minor inventions were the principle of camera obscura, an early way of projecting images. Mo-Ti, the inventor referred to his camera as locked treasure room. The Chinese made many inventions towards recreational use and enjoying life because of their bias towards the liberal arts. Although they still made great contributions to science, their contributions to culture, the classics, sports, and other activities are common in our world today. It is important that one knows the foundation of these activities and objects one enjoys today so that proper credit may be given to the innovators. Now, creating a civilization like that of the Chinese does not come without consequences and at no cost. They did have to fight many battles both to unify themselves, and defend themselves from would be conquerors. In order to do this, they couldnt fall behind in terms of military might. To make sure that they always had the upper hand, the Chinese invented many simple, yet effective tools of war. The Military inventions of ancient China were the kite, the wheelbarrow, naval mines, land mines, the flamethrower, the early form of mustard gas, the fire lance, paper armor, and the crossbow. The wheelbarrow is speculated to have already been invented by at least the first century BCE. They were primarily used for war in that they were an efficient way to carry around large quantities of supplies, or heavy supplies such as armor, weapons, and ammunition. They were chosen over the larger vehicles because first, they could be operated by a person which was favorable over oxen in battle, and second, because they were more maneuverable around difficult terrain. They had many variations depending on the situation. Some wheelbarrows used single central wheels while others used two wheels. One famous variation of the  [3]  wheelbarrow was the add-on of a sail. This innovation allowed the wheelbarrows to travel up to 40 miles per hour. (10) Another invention that seems completely unrelated to war is the kite. The Mozi mentioned kites in 400 BCE. Kites were described as a bird constructed from bamboo and wood. (10) The materials used to produce kites were primarily silk and bamboo. Silk was the most lightweight and most durable material at the disposal of the Chinese, while bamboo was the lightest, and one of the most durable types of wood available. It is speculated that kites were used to signal the soldiers in armies during and outside of battle with instructions. For instance, different colored kites carried different orders for armies. As if the Chinese hadnt already proven that anything could be used in war, they began using paper for armor. Yes, thats right. The Chinese used paper for armor. The paper armor was highly praised for its warmth, comfort, and durability. In fact, in 1625, Mao Yuanyi, a Yellow Turban Rebel during the Han Dynasty, wrote: the best choice for foot soldiers is paper armor, mixed with a variety of silk and cloth. (11) The new weapons invented by the Chinese during these times were the Fire Lance, the Crossbow, the Flamethrower, Naval Mines, Land Mines, and the precursor to mustard gas. Naval mines were made by putting gunpowder in a barrel sealed with putty. They were either timed or made to explode by a hidden ambusher that would pull a cord and activate a Wheelock to create a spark and set off the explosion when an enemy ship sailed too close. Landmines functioned in pretty much the same way. Hidden ambushers would wait for enemies before lighting hidden fuses to set off the landmines. They did however, have an automatic way of activation. These automated land mines used weight drives. When a person steps on the landmine, the weights drop, activate a flame, and set off the landmine. The fire lance was the precursor to the gun. It was a bamboo tube that was filled with either a projectile or poison dart. These tubes were tied on to spears and then ignited to set off the gunpowder and launch the projectile. (11) The crossbow functions much like the crossbows of today. They had a string that was latched onto the tip of a trigger. When the trigger is pulled, the crossbow bolt flies. The Chinese flamethrower used double-action bellows placed beneath a hot cauldron with a mixture much like Greek-fire to spew fire. (11) It was the first type of flamethrower that could continuously shoot fire. The precursor to mustard gas was a simple mixture of around fifteen pounds of feces, herbs, and poison. When lobbed into a battle, it irritated and blistered skin. It was highly favored since it penetrated armor. (11) 4All of these weapons, with the exception of the flamethrower, show which side the Chinese were commonly on in battle. First of all, projectile weapons such as the Fire Lance and Crossbow are dangerous to use in skirmishes, and when the people shooting them do not have the high ground because of the chances of friendly fire. Based on that knowledge, these weapons were most probably used from castle walls, hills, and early in battle, before the skirmishes begin. Naval mines, land mines, and the early mustard gas were of course used as traps. But when and where are traps set? They are often set to fend off an invasion in ones home territory. This tells us that these were primarily defensive weapons. They were most effective in battles where the Chinese were able to choose where the battles would take place. What does all of this tell us? It tells us that the Chinese defended their land more than conquered. They held off invasions, rebellions, and raids more than attack foreigners. The Chinese opened the door for the golden ages of technology. Their inventions paved the way for great thinkers and great nations alike to create things never heard of before and to conceive new ways of doing things. Its obvious that not all the worlds innovations came from China, but it is safe to say that many of them were either adapted from ancient Chinese inventions or simply continuations of the inventions themselves. Things like the compass, for example, are Western adaptations of Chinese south pointing chariots. China, with all its riches, land, and manpower, was the perfect place for innovation to flourish. But why did the Chinese invent? It is natural for a person to explore and experiment with his environment, but what the Chinese did was not merely exploration and random wonderment. They wondered with a goal, and they explored with direction.  [5]   It can be said that, based on their early inventions, they created because they valued the gift of life highly. They sought not only to exist, but also to live. To merely go throughout life breaking ones back for daily meals did not appeal to them. They created tools such as the wheelbarrow and trip hammer that would help alleviate the workload of everyday life. They created games such as Cu Ju and Chui Wan that would allow one to enjoy life. They created practices and medicine to sustain life. They created things such as the early seismograph and star maps to understand life and the world around them. They also created weapons, but not with the primary purpose of destroying life, but with the purpose of protecting life and protecting order. However, compared to the Western Civilizations, China churned out massive amounts of innovations. What did China have that allowed it to invent so much so quickly compared to the Western Civilizations? Well, the first factor would be Chinas immense resources. They had the means to support research and development within their population and the means to mass-produce the new inventions. The second factor was that they generally lived in times of peace. While they did have many periods of war, the periods of peace, or at least relative peace allowed the Chinese to focus on improving their society. The third factor is exactly the opposite of the second. War forced them to create new weapons. There is an old saying, In peace culture prospers, in war science flourishes. The fourth factor would be the trade routes. China was exposed to many different cultures. Technology was oftentimes the most valuable commodity traded. While the Chinese inventions were oftentimes not direct descendants o r copies of foreign technology, they were most likely influenced by them. There is one factor that does seem to stand out above the rest, and this is need. The Chinese had many needs. They needed to meet the demands for food by a growing population, they needed to understand human ailments to be able to treat people, they needed to find more efficient ways of transporting supplies and more efficient ways of navigating rivers. Need is probably the single greatest driving force that the Chinese had. Like it was said in the movie Robots, See a need, fill a need. Although the Chinese did have a general sense of direction with their inventing, there was also the factor of luck. In the creation of gunpowder, for instance, it was by chance that they realized a mix of saltpeter, sulfur, and coal produced an explosive effect. Like Doctor Marquez says, Innovation happens when readiness meets serendipity. Our present world cannot be divided into a West and an East but as a joint creation of East and West, of China and other countries. Chinas society has had its ups and downs during its different dynasties. A strong foundation was built during the Spring, Autumn and Warring States periods which laid down a foundation for the development of science and technology. The Han and Tang dynasties wherein nations were unified, the Wei and Jin dynasties wherein the country was divided or the Song and Ming dynasties which enjoyed prosperity. All these different dynasties and up and downs in Ancient Chinese history, even the Yuan and Qing dynasty, which had leaders coming from ethnic minorities. All these times contribute to the Chinese success with innovation as compared to the West. And although the Chinese were responsible for a lot of firsts, the West can still be given credit for further advancing these firsts in their own ways. The fact that the Chinese lead the world in technology does not necessarily mean that they were the brightest or best. A lot of factors came into play that allowed the Chinese to invent so many things and advance in technology. In the end, it all comes down to the right circumstances. What probably put the Chinese in the perfect situation is again, serendipity. Sources Deng, Yinke. Ancient Chinese Inventions. Cultural China Series ed. China: China Intercontinental Press, 2005. Call Number In Library: General Circulation T27.C5 D4613 Kleeman, Terry F., and Tracy Barrett. The Ancient Chinese World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Call Number in Library: General Circulation DS741.5.K55 Hochman, Karen. Salt History. Gourmet Food Magazine Website: The Nibble Gourmet Food Gifts, Specialty Food, Mail Order, Online Gift Webzine http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/salts/history-of-salt.asp (accessed January 12, 2011). Wicken, Jonathan. Ancient Warfare. Fight Game E-Magazine. www.fighttimes.com/magazine/magazine.asp?article=676 (accessed January 12, 2011). Murphey, Rhoads. A History of Asia. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ [etc: Pearson Education, 2009. Ho, Peng Yoke, and F. Peter Lisowski. A Brief History of Chinese Medicine. 2nd ed. Singapore: World Scientific, 1997. pp. 9-25. Call Number in Library: R601.H6 1997 Wisconsin Paper Council. The Invention of Paper. http://www.wipapercouncil.org/invention.htm (accessed January 10, 2011). Marashi, Reza, Yang, George, and Chan, Anthony. Chinese Inventions. Oracle Think Quest. http://library.thinkquest.org/15618/inventor.htm (accessed January 10, 2011). Case study: End of Life Care Case study: End of Life Care In describing a situation in which my integrity was challenged I would first like to give some background. This involved a patient I cared for and I will anonymize the situation for privacy concerns he will be referred to as Patient A. The patient was a middle aged male who had been diagnosed with cancer. He initially declined therapy due to personal beliefs that he and his wife had about alternative medicine. A year later, with progression of his cancer, he agreed to chemotherapy but by then his cancer was very advanced. He initially came under my care at the end stage of his cancer, and when I admitted him I did not expect he would survive to discharge. His wife was of the opinion that he had declined because he agreed to chemotherapy and expected him to improve now that chemotherapy had been stopped. During his admission he improved and was discharged. At discharge I went over his condition with him and his wife, and discussed his expected continued decline in detail. About one month after this I again admitted Patient A. He was in very bad shape and had not eaten much for about a month. He needed to be admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. He was lethargic, with a waxing and waning mental status. I was worried that he would not be able to swallow properly and would likely aspirate (with attendant complications including pneumonia) if fed, so I held off on feeding him till his mental status improved, sustaining him in the interim with intravenous nutrition/fluids. I also stopped some medications he had been on prior to admission including synthroid, a medication for thyroid dysfunction. I initially discussed Patients As condition with him (when he was more awake) and he decided he did not want to be resuscitated if his heart stopped. When his wife was available I sat down with her and we had a long discussion concerning his condition and his prognosis. She was very personable but was convinced that his prognosis was better than I was making out. Sh e was also very concerned about Patient A not eating and not getting his thyroid medications. I explained the rationale for my not wanting him to eat yet and explained that thyroid medication could worsen a complication he had at that time. Despite our conversation she was still convinced that his prognosis was pretty good. I ended the conversation by asking her to think on things and promising to discuss further with her at a later time. However, when I did see her later she accused me of not taking adequate care of her husband. She felt I was giving up on him and leaving him to starve. She also felt he would be doing better with his thyroid medication. She requested that a different physician be put in charge of her husband. Taking care of patients at the end stage of life can be difficult. It is especially so when the patients are relatively young. The surviving family members also often have survivors guilt, with a propensity to feel they could have done more. In this case Patient As wife believed there was a lot more that could be done that could change the outcome. I felt her accusation was a challenge to my integrity and was very taken aback, especially as I thought we had come to an understanding when last we spoke. She was essentially accusing me of not only inadequate care but of harming my patient. I gave Patient As primary care physician a call to discuss how she had been interacting with Patient A and his wife. I then sat down again with Patient As wife and we had another long discussion at the end of which I agreed to let Patient A try to eat. I agreed to this understanding that he could aspirate. In view of his expected imminent demise I felt if he could get some comfort from eating, it would be worthwhile. However I did not agree to recommence Patient As thyroid medication which would at that point have hastened his demise. I believe I was at fault in not adequately addressing her concerns initially. She was seeing individual trees and not the forest. But I was also taking a coldly clinical approach. While I was clinically right, a deeper view should have shown me that at that point his comfort and his wifes satisfaction that he had received appropriate care should have been paramount.

Training the Parent for Sport Essay -- Sports Athletics Parenting Essa

Training the Parent for Sport Imagine a beautiful spring afternoon at a community soccer match for young children in the area. The game begins with an enjoyable and exciting atmosphere. The kids are running their hearts out chasing down the ball and the parents watching seem so incredibly proud of their little Johnny or little Suzy. Everyone seems to be having fun. Then, simply be accident, one of the players trips and falls on the field. He or she gets up unhurt but the player’s parent is sent into a torrent yelling and screaming that their child’s fall was a result of foul play. The parent becomes louder and when the coach tries to calm the parent down, the parent throws a punch at the coach. A fight ensues, the game is halted, and everyone goes home disappointed and discouraged by the day’s events. As coaches I realize many of you may not have seen with your own eyes a parent’s obnoxious behavior escalate to such irrational violence, but you have seen disruptive and rude behavior in parents attending your games. This is a serious problem and is becoming more and more prevalent. While there are no official statistics on the amount of violence involving parents at youth sporting events, the examples are numerous. A Sarasota father was arrested after storming the field and punching the referee during his son’s flag football game (Elvin 3). Other incidents reported last year include â€Å"a soccer mother in Greensboro, NC was charged with assault after hitting a referee after a game. A father in Cleveland punched a 15-year-old boy during a soccer game because he felt the player had pushed his son† (Stewart 1) and, probably the most familiar case, Thomas Junta was charged with manslaughter af... ...al behavior. This training class is the best possible way to fix this problem. Sports are supposed to encompass learning to work together as a team, sportsmanship, and trying your hardest, not the pressure that an obnoxious parent can put on a game. Engh highlights the importance of the training program so as to â€Å"ensure that all children have fun and rewarding experiences. After all, that’s what sports are all about!† (Sachs 3). Works Cited Elvin, John. â€Å"New Penalties for Being a Bad Sport.† Insight on the News . V17 (April 23, 2002): 35. Robinson, Bryan. â€Å"More Lessons Needed.† ABCNews.com. http://abcnews.go.com/ Sections/us/DailyNews/sportsviolence020114.html . (February 17, 2002). Sachs, Michael L. â€Å"Lighten up, Parents!† USA Today . Nov. 2000: 62. Stewart, Mark. â€Å"Good Sports?† Insight on the News . V16 (June 19, 2000): 28.

The Human Genome Project (HGP) Essay -- sustainability of the human po

Has the Human Genome Project created viable mechanisms that enable or disable the sustainability of the human population? The definition of sustainability is â€Å"the ability to be upheld or defended† (Oxford South African Pocket Dictionary, 2006, p912.). The sustainability of the human population has been one of the most imperial factors in terms of our existence. From every realm of profession, thinkers all over the world have been looking for ideas that would give us a secure way to definitely increase our longevity. This is why I believe the discovery of the human genome has opened many windows of opportunities that securely sustain our existence due to providing information about terminal diseases. The discovery of the human genome has led to innovative methods that have provided the purest understanding of the human anatomy. In conjunction, the mapping of the human genome has created mechanisms that allow the human population to be less susceptible to diseases. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was as international biological research that was co-ordinated by the National Institute of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy in the year of 1990. The HGP had a primary goal of mapping out and sequencing the nucleotides that are present in the fundamental structure DNA, identify all the genes and develop faster methods of mapping out DNA. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic acid is â€Å"a self-replicating material which is present in all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes; it is also the carrier of genetic information† (Oxford Dictionary online, no date). This structure is located in the nucleus and is made up of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a Phosphate molecule (P) and four nitrogenous bases: ad... ...ine] retrieved from: http://www.animalgenome.org/edu/doe/prim2.html [2014/05/07]. Time:01:08AM The Oxford South African Pocket Dictionary (2006). 3rd Edition. Oxford University Press. The American Heritage Dictionary (2013). 5th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt [online]. Retrieved from: http://www.yourdictionary.com/blastomere (2014/03/17) The Oxford English Dictionary [online]. Oxford University Press. Available from: http://www.oxford.co.uk The structure of DNA [illustration] http://images.flatworldknowledge.com/ballgob/ballgob-fig19_006.jpg Assessed: UCSC (2003) What is the human genome [online] Available: https://cbse.soe.ucsc.edu/research/human_genome Assessed (2014/03/15) Time: 10:00AM W. Gregory F., Alan E. G., Francis S. C. (2010). Genomic Medicine — An Updated Primer. The Journal of the American Medical Association. Volume 362. Pp. 2001-2011

Essay --

Men and Women There is a misconception in society that has to be with the differences that exist between male and female. People think that women and men react and experiment the same changes as they go through the difference stages of life. That idea is completely wrong. A lot of phycological studies affirm that since childbirth, the social, emotional and developmental differences are inevitable. The differences between masculine and feminine appear very early in the human development.The differences when choosing toys are very obvious. While boys like to play with cars or balls, girls prefer Barbie and pink dresses. In the middle of childhood, we can appreciate those differences too, for example, at school. Boys like physical games while girls, tend to favor games that include talking and social communication. During those ages, parents encourage boys to explore fresh experiences and unknown things, while girls are more protected by their parents and relatives. Boys normally have large groups of friends, and they like to play together. The stronger boy in the group is considered â€Å"the leader." With girls, this aspect is very different; they focus on one or two "bestfriends." Friendship between girls consists on keeping secrets that no one else can discover. Trust is the main element. They avoid differences. Girls prefer an identical distribution of power.That is why, when girls go, for example, to the movies; they constantly try to walk in a perfect row, which means that they have "identical power†. In contrast, boys regularly walk in a triangular shape.The leader is supposed to be the first, and the rest of the group follow the leader. Those differences in characters and ideas that appear during childhood are re... ... get over the situation, men cannot understand those changes most of the times, and they prefer to end with their marriages or to look for new experiences with younger women during their marriages. According to Dr. Paul Cameron, a Maryland psychologist, reported to the Midwestern Psychological Association, based on his exhaustive research, â€Å"Men like sex a lot more than women do, we men are fools for beauty.† As we can see there are a lot of changes that both genders experiment during their life but women and men react and live each stage in a different manner. During adolescence and adulthood, the contrast that in childhood is reinforced and new hormonal changes appear. Alterations such as menstruation, maternity, breastfeeding or menopause make an enormous difference between opposite genders. The lifetime discrepancy between sexes is completely unavoidable.

Puran Bhagat

The Miracle of Puran Bhagat Rudyard Kipling  (1865-1936) was born in Bombay, but educated in England at the United Services College, Westward Ho, and Biddeford. In 1882 he returned to India, where he worked for Anglo-Indian newspapers. Kipling was the recipient of many honorary degrees and other awards. In 1926 he received the Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Literature. Purun Dass is a high caste Brahmin, highly educated, and a powerful figure as Prime Minister of one of the semi-independent Native States. Then, at the peak of his career, he casts aside all possessions, takes a staff and begging bowl, and becomes a wandering holy man, ‘Purun Bhagat', depending on charity to live. At last he comes to the high Himalayas, where his people had come from, and finds a deserted shrine high above a mountain village, where he makes his home. For many years he lives there, fed by the devoted villagers, making friends with the wild creatures round about, monkeys and deer and bear, and pondering on the meaning of existence. Then one year come weeks and weeks of rain, and one night he is awakened by the wild creatures, and sees that the mountain is falling. He hastens down the hillside in the icy rain. With all the authority of his previous life, he wakes the sleeping villagers, and urges them up to high ground across the valley. They are just in time before a massive landslip. The people are safe, but the Baghat, crippled by his exertions, is dead. They build a shrine in his memory, but no-one knows that, in a previous life, he was Sir Purun Dass.

Food for Thought Essay

As of 2005, giganticing unfolds to be a cosmopolitan job. jibe to the solid regimen for view and Agriculture make-up of the United Nations, 850 jillion the prominent unwashed world wide of the mark were lownourished in 1999 to 2005, the head-nigh recent social classs for which figures argon available and the bite of hungry(p) the gr exhaust unwashed has recently been change magnitude. The decreed poerty rate in the U. S. has increase for four consecutive socio-economic classs, from a 26-year low-pitched of 11. 3% in 2000 to 12. 7% in 2004. This authority that 37. 0 million pile were below the official leanness thresholds in 2004. This is 5. 4 million much than in 2000. The pauperization rate for churlren under(a) 18 increased from 16.2% to 17. 8% over that period. Poverty is the severalize of being with aside the necessities of perfunctory animation, ofttimes associated with ask, hardship and lack of resources crosswise a wide range of circumstances. For some, poverty is a subjective and comparative boundary for separates, it is moral and evaluative and for others, scientific every get going(predicate)y established. That is wherefore it is so of the essence(predicate) to specify rolling a f be and Clothing syllabus. This syllabus im bulge be inventoryed by the church and it atoms, to a greater extentover take in the participation. Non church penis would be able to reap the makes from this computer broadcast as well as church members. thither is no much(prenominal) course in the other sister assembl progresss that atomic subr pop outine 18 associate with us. By instituting a political platform of this constitution to the community. We go away assist in decrease the fight a slangst ache. The f ar distri merelyion political program bequeath be a spatial relation where regimen is offered to the vile for free. The project bearing would to regard the adopts of the community by filling there corporeally rent as well as there spiritual requisites. The mission is to hand over aliment and fellowship, to feed the hungry in proboscis and spirit. Also we would ilk for all the members of the congregation to assist in donating to the needs of others.By lead f ar items, toiletries and clothing they no durable want or need. persona go turn out be tax deductible. The assumptions that potty be made is that we be scarce bread and butter this program to gain social status to the church. It toilet be verbalize to a greater extent than(prenominal) members the much m onenessy coming into the church. separate assumptions ar that we may want to piddle self-righteous. This project may be much(prenominal) than the church tin bottomland handle alone. exclusively department of the church should be convolute e extraly pabulum for thought preparation. The minister, secretary, treasure deacons, elders, feed committee and any volunteers.The risk assume argo n the lack of volunteers, the limited quantity of gifts. The element this program may attract, much(prenominal) as the drug, and alcohol abusers. in that location result be those collarking drug treatment, counseling, lodgment and etc. If we do non tog up these things do we stand a kick downstairs of losing that person because we tin non fitting all that persons needs? The participates could abuse the program by falsify instruction, health issues, provender poisoning or spoilage. This program has never been done before and is much unavoidable in this community. This is a much need program in this community for it is a rural farming community.Not numerous a nonher(prenominal) people pee access to point and many ar elderly, sick and shut-in. No one should go to bed hungry. The melodic theme is to countenance solid diet to broken people. diet would be served freely the pass ons would be required to fill out in constellationation sheet. We allow for r a piece other receipt by referrals and meet and greets in the neighborhood. at that shopping centre are no fodder program in the town in which I bouncing the need is a great one. There are pabulum pantries but no intellectual nourishment program We allow fork out those in need with solid food and with fellowship, responding to all with humanity and respect.The food scattering program will go away needy families with groceries on a hebdomadly radix for repast preparation at scale. In this community we want to make becomelihood better for low-income and needy man-to-mans and families. By establishing this inevitable program in the community. We plan to dish up families and individual in poor sustenanceal status gain stability, good health and dignity. The goal is to meets the needs of the hungry in this community. Feed their physical need as well as their spiritual needs. Budget.2 years with a million horse mark compute, with donations for church members and all i n-kind donations, (donations take, food, clothing, money and counseling) smash-up cost The is no rent because the program is using the church building which is nonrecreational in full. Office supplies are expiry to average out to be to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) or less $ 500 vaulting horses a year. There will be cost for new equipment, and health and liability insurance. Which I will portion out $100,000 dollars toward. Salaries close to of the staff will be volunteers, but we are looking at to the graduate(prenominal)est degree 50,000 dollars allocated toward salaries Miscellaneous Costs 100,000 join budget of 1 millions dollars.The project prey is to feed the poor and disadvantage for as long as we can. Feeding the physical as well as contact the spiritual needs of the people. This will be an ongoing program with a budget of 2 million dollars for 2 years. We will solict donations from community member such as Restaurants, grocery warehousings. We w ill start to gain potential clients from data bases from human wait on agencies, WIC, and health care centers. Posting flyers and s exterminate out flyers. We are looking into arguetime this program which we will name intellectual nourishment For Thought.A target time to start will be in 4 months starting with an Easter Dinner for the community. Hours of mathematical process are Sunday in among Sunday religious service 1200 p. m. to 500 p. m. Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Saturday five years a week from the hours of 1000 a. m to 600 p. m. We need to raise community awareness on hunger and raise community participation, Duffield utter. We are calling upon religious organizations, business and civil groups such as Scouts and service clubs especially, because this is where we perplex the best skilled volunteers. Duffield said many at the table were homeless people who normally eat at shelters in the downtown area, but there were besides people fed who are not homeless. Its just awesome to enamor all of these organizations united in a focuse effort, he said. Every the Statesn de sues a place at the table, said Carol Trahan, a volunteer with foster Harvest. She pointed out that some 14 part of the population in neon Tennessee lives at or below the poverty line. round a quarter of that population often has to choose amongst acquire food or conducting rent, more than a one-third had unexpected expenses and little or no money left for food.That means almost half(a) has skipped a repast or gone to bed hungry, and more than half worries about running out of food before their next soften chair or food form allotment. Individuals, organizations and businesses can stand by by donating food, donating money, volunteering suspensor or becoming an agency identifying an unserved area of the community. * Of the 475,000 people living in Tennessees ogdoad northeastern most counties, U. S. Census figures show 14 per centum, or about 68,000 people, li ve in poverty. The figures equate to more than one in five northeastward Tennessee children with families at or below the federal poverty line.* According to the state Department of Education, more than 30,000 children attending world schools in the land qualify for government subsidized meals at schools. * At 15 schools in the persona, more than 75 per centum of the student body is eligible for free or reduced-cost meals. * Of the more than 200 hunger relief agencies served by fleck Harvest of Northeast Tennessee, 30 agencies are designed exclusively for children. aliment jargon engineeror Rhonda Chafin said hunger is more prone to go unnoted in rural areas handle Northeast Tennessee than in larger cities where homelessness is more visible.In rural communities like ours, people former(prenominal)s dont think about hunger because they cant see it, she said. Its the cooking poor who most often sample help from the agencies piece Harvest works with, Chafin said. They may not be homeless, but they do beat and their children do miss meals at home because they are struggling just to pay their bills. The hope is to receive more than 3. 4 million pounds of food. We will too seek a contract with The Pampered Chef to receive donations of $ 918.45 worth of food once a week. This will be a year-long hightail it to benefit the food program. The Pampered Chef is a direct seller of kitchen tools nationwide. Over $7. 5 million dollars abide been donated to such programs in the past. According to the Statess indorse Harvest, more than 33 million people in America are food insecure, said Julie Christopher, vice president and spokesperson for The Pampered Chef. There are children, the elderly and working poor who mustiness choose between gainful for food or for utility and lodging costs, medicine and other necessities.These people in need are the reason we at The Pampered Chef are so passionate about raising money. Everyday in Northeast Tennessee hundreds of men, women and children depend on soup kitchens for a hot meal. Each person or family has a disparate circumstance, a different reason for needing service with food. Whatever the reason, hunger in Northeast Tennessee is a reality. The secondment Helpings solid food rescue program of Second Harvest nutrient vernacular is there to help. ______What is Prepared & Perishable viands Rescue? We will use, perishable food nimble by, but not utilize by, moneymaking(prenominal) donors to hunger relief agencies in the community. salutary food that would have otherwise been wedded of by restaurants, caterers and other vendors will be now able to be donated nowadays to our program. We will in turn give up food for hungry men, women and children in our realm program How does the Program Work? victimisation a refrigerated truck and industrial food containers, Madison County FP will picks up perishable food from food service grantrs and transports it to local anaesthetic soup ki tchens and other agencies that serve meals directly to those in need. Second Helpings operates under the safe food handling guidelines O.K. by the Tennessee Department of Health.How does Second Helpings benefit the community It reduces the dependence on public funds It decreases feeding agencies operational expenses Permits more efficient use of the alms larges staff and volunteer time It feeds the hungry Over 250,000 pounds of food rescued each year Serving an estimated 2,000 individuals each week How you can help Volunteers will be need to help pick up and vacate food make fiscal donation ask restaurants to donate food nourishment for thought will be sponsored by Proctor and Gamble Martha White The Pampered Chef Reggies Kappas Steak House.Jumbo Buffet sustenance for thought would also like to develop a mobile food bank program that has chuck up the spongeies. We would have a refr truck deliver to the elderly, shut in and those unable to get to the church. We would also re ach out to those individuals living in public housing communities passim the region. This will prevent items from going to waste. onwards you begin, you may want to look up the heart and souls of your income (wages, SSI, social security, VA payments, child support), rent or owe, utility bills, day care expenses, and checkup bills (if you are 60 or older, or disabled).This information will be require for the tool to work. For the past several months, we have seen repeated footage of hungry Afghan refugees on television news. These images of hungry people in faraway places touch and disturb us, but for many of us they also bet distant and far from our own reality. peradventure thats because hunger in America is largely invisible. There are no pictures of distended stomachs and hollow eyes among Americas hungry. In the United States, we have a good deal devolved starvation and mal feeding.There are, however, children whose only meal of the day is a school lunch, major(postno minal)s who do not have exuberant to eat for several days at the end of the month until their Social Security check arrives, and families who stretch the income of several part-time jobs to pay for rent, utilities, transportation and medical bills with little to vacate for wholesome food. Yet, hunger is real and, in fact growing. hunger in America 2001 has four primary objectives provide a comprehensive profile of the nature of hunger in the U. S. compare date between the 1997 study and the 2001 study to identify trends provide extensive demographic profiles of emergency food clients at feeding agencies and the efficacy of those programs to meet the need and provide comprehensive demographic information about hunger and the eleemosynary response to hunger in local communities.Demographics 74% of clients at food pantries are women a disproportionate number 24% are households with case-by-case parents 63% of virtuoso parent households have children under age 18 39% of two-parent households have children under 18.29% of households have a family member over age 65 26% of the clients are the elderly people who via media good health with weaker immune systems or more alarming symptoms of illness such as diabetes, heart disease or high blood pressure ascribable to poor nutrition viands molds hungriness in our communities has remained at a high level even though food stamp and welfare rolls have decreased. As a result of obtaining low-income employment, many families once receiving welfare still cannot provide two shelter and food for family members. close mistakenly believe they are no longer eligible for food stamps.25% of clients are using the food stamp nutrition program, while more than 70% are income eligible for the food stamp nutrition program that would help provide more food for their families. In Nevada, only half those eligible for food stamps are using the program, often due to red tape, phraseology problems or complex eligibility requirem ents. The State of Nevada action for assistance is 11 pages in length. Most people who use food stamps embrace benefit levels of 70 cents per meal are inadequate and often last only two weeks or less.Even if all who are eligible do control and receive benefits, the need will hold out to exceed the resources without reform. nutrient Insecurity or so three fourth parts of all those who sought food assistance in 2001 were food insecure. These are people who meet a stock(a) government definition of hungry or at risk of hunger. pabulum jeopardy means regularly not having food or the money to buy equal food. Among all clients of the provender swan of Union Nevada, 73. 5% are classified as food insecure and 65. 6% are food insecure with hunger. Among families with children, 69. 2% are food insecure and 59.6% realize hunger, with almost half of adults reporting that they confounded meals due to lack of food. Most families with children provide the food to children with ad ults skipping meals when food is scarce. Many clients must choose between food and necessities 42% choose between paying for food and paying for utilities or heating fuel. 42% must choose between buying food and paying rent/mortgage Local and state officials can help by increasing access to child nutrition programs such as the summertime sustenance Service Program, the kid & grown Care food Program (CACFP), and the teach Breakfast and Lunch Programs.Municipalities and states can also help by supporting the work of food banks and food rescue programs in local communities. Hunger is a resolvable problem. As this report makes clear, however, food banks and food pantries cannot solve the problem alone. Beyond the public-private alliance through which corporations and individuals make voices of food for distribution to needy individuals, public policies can help end hunger in our lifetimes. national nutrition programs particularly the intellectual nourishment Stamp program and child nutrition programs are an essential part of the food assistance safety net.Less than a third of people nationally and one fourth of people in Nevada who turn to charity are receiving food stamps, while more than three fourths are income eligible. diet stamp proposals recently passed in the U. S. Senate strengthen the Food Stamp program and increase funding for food stamps and commodity donations. Local and state officials can help by increasing access to child nutrition programs such as Summer Food and nurture Breakfast, and by supporting the work of food banks and food rescue programs in local communities. AT THIS TIME.Forty six percent of pantries, a third of kitchens and 45% of shelters report increases since 1998 in the number of people they serve. Food banks are by far the single most heavy source of food for most food bank member agencies, accounting for 68% of the food used by pantries and two thirds of the food used by shelters. Locally, food pantries provided 1,30 6,360 pounds of food, particularly raw material and high value nutritional items, to more than 24,000 different individuals in 2001 this accounts for 65% of the congeries amount of food circularised by the Food coast of Yankee Nevada. The Food cashbox is reporting low levels of food resources compulsory to assist hungry people through the year. The emergency food pantries and shelters we supply with food need help all year long. The 2. 3 million pounds of food we distribute annually may not be enough to meet the needs of the impertinently jobless along with people who visualize food insecurity every pass when the utility bills and medical expenses increase, said Cherie Jamason, Food imprecate CEO. While help at the holidays is great, long-term help will be needed for the 70,000 people in Nevada who have lost jobs or had hours cut punt due to the slumping economy in the last year.News Relehttp//www. fbn Donate now with our practical(prenominal) Holiday Food Drive gorma ndize out our on-line donation form here The Food Bank of northerly Nevada is grateful for support from a wide range of organizations and individuals in the community and crosswise the region. Private foundations and corporate gifts and sponsorships provide world-shaking funding for programs such as Kids Cafe, food distribution and child nutrition. While little to our mission, these major gifts alone are not enough.It takes donations from individuals and local businesses within our community to accompaniment the Food Bank working, day in and day out, throughout the year. Grants will help Food Bank and participators reach out In recent months, the Food Bank has applied for and received some profound grants that will increase our ability and that of our partner agencies to serve hungry populations in Nevada. The Food Bank has received several momentous grants recently $25,000 from the Antioch Company. $50,000 from the E. L. Cord butt $125,000 from the McCabe Foundation $60,000 from the Nell J.Redfield Foundation $20,000 from the Robert Z. Hawkins Foundation $7,500 from the Terry lee Wells Foundation for the Back-pack Kids Program A 26-foot refrigerated truck valued at $110,000-$120,000 from the 2006 ConAgra Feeding Children Better Rapid Food Distribution Program to be delivered sometime during 2006. Approximately 55% of our operating budget comes from private foundations, individual donations and special events. The Food Bank depends on donations to fund quotidian functions, from keeping the roof over our tribal chief to delivering food resources to the agencies that we support.With an estimated 33. 6 million Americans in hazard of going hungry and more than 49,000 at risk locally in blue Nevada, hunger is a problem that affects us all. At the Food Bank of Union Nevada we take community investments as far as we can and monetary donations go even further. $1 dollar translates into 4 meals for the needy. $25 will provide food for 5 families for 3 to 4 days. $50 will distribute 270 pounds of food to agencies serving hungry people. $100 will provide 3 to 5 days of emergency food to more than 50 people.We are able to distribute enough food for 4 meals with every dollar donated There are many shipway for people to join The Food Bank in our mission to end hunger. elucidate a financial contribution to the Food Bank and your donation goes a long way. posit us about a regular pledge program, electronic fund transfers, bequests and valueariums or memorials. Major contributions specifically dedicated to support special events or programs like the Food for the Soul Concerts, Kids Cafe and other activities help increase the effectiveness of our fundraising efforts and provide more resources to the community.Varied, fun ways to travel by Pampered Chefs Round-Up from the Heart gives all year Pampered Chef Consultants have support a program to invite their customers to round up their secure totals to the nearest dollar or more to benefi t Americas Second Harvest food banks in their region. When you place your order with a Pampered Chef Kitchen Consultant, the Food Bank of Northern Nevada will receive your Round-Up dollars. give thanks you, Karen Munson, for sharing this great program with us Contribute at the grocery storeAlbertsons links community of interests Partners bill sticker to Albertsons Sav-on best-loved nest egg Card Recently, weve mentioned that Kids Cafe has been include in the Albertsons fellowship Partners Card program as an authorized partner. Now, Albertsons has just announce that shoppers who use an Albertsons Sav-on favored Savings Card can register the Food Bank of Northern Nevada for additional donations. Albertsons will distribute up to $2. 4 million among the partners in the northern California and Reno markets through July 2005. Partners can receive up to 4 percent of each shoppers Albertsons Sav-On Preferred Savings Card barter fors.The Food Bank has set a goal of $25,000 as part of this new fundraising program. If you have an Albertsons Community Partners Card, simply present your card along with your Preferred Savings Card for scanning at checkout during your next shopping hit at Albertsons or Sav-On Drugs. Or go to www. albertsons. com, get over on In The Community then click on the Community Partners logo link. Once you log in, click on Sign me up. You may also fill out the form include on page 11 of this newsletter and mail it to the Community Partners Program Headquarters, as noted in the lower left corner of the form.Raleys Food for Families and metalworkers Coins for Community support the Food Bank by providing money to purchase and distribute food in the communities we serve. cipher for the sign up book at your favorite Scolaris and designate the Food Bank to receive Scolaris experience Fund donations the Food Banks account number is 1302. Special events welcome people coming to your event to channel non-perishable food, either for an admission fee or a donation in extol of the event. Workplace campaigns You may make a donor-designated gift through the United path in your place of work.Employee/employer coordinated gifts Ask your personnel office about your employers matching gift program matching gifts can double your contribution. Gifts in honor or memory of a special person You may designate your contribution as a gift in honor or memory on the Food Banks remittal envelope. Stocks and bonds We accept gifts of appreciated stocks, bonds and mutual funds. Our pecuniary Officer can provide you with assistance with information regarding transfers to the Food Bank. Bequests Your legacy can make a going away to the lives of many. pattern a lasting gift to help our community By Nancy and Dick Bostdorff Thousands of children and senior citizens in the Truckee Meadows would not have enough to eat every day, were it not for the wonderful programs provided by the Food Bank of Northern Nevada. Thats one of many important rea sons why we made the finding to include the Food Bank in our realm readiness. While we all strive to eliminate hunger, the need is never-ending, and more people are moving into northern Nevada all the time.With programs like the innovative and award-winning Kids Cafe, community gardens and the Nevada Child Nutrition Initiative, the Food Bank does an singular job of supporting the community and the more than 80 agencies that count on the Food Bank for food and financial support. The Food Bank is also one of the most efficient non-profit organizations almost, with an administrative overhead of around 8% and a warehouse that distributes tight 2 million pounds of food each year. We want our assets to be used well in the future, and believe we can count on the Food Bank to live up to that desire.We encourage you to help provide for the future through planned giving to the Food Bank of Northern Nevada. together we can continue to strive for a truly hunger free community. plotted Gi ving with a Bequest By Doris Phelps, FBNN Director of Marketing & Fund development Perhaps one of your New stratums resolutions is to review your estate planning and to update your will. Your will provides you with the opportunity to thoughtfully and intentionally provide for those you cherish and to continue to support your favorite worthwhile charities.Your decision to include the Food Bank of Northern Nevada as a beneficiary will help assist programs and accomplish our important mission to create hunger-free communities in our region through direct services, advocacy, outreach and education. Your bequest to the Food Bank of Northern Nevada will benefit thousands of children, seniors, the ill, needy and families with nutritious meals and related services into the future. A bequest may be established in any amount and may be designed by you and your attorney in any number of ways to enhance tax benefits to your estate.For more information about this donor opportunity, enliven co ntact the Food Bank, your attorney or financial consultant. Donate transcribed goods Individuals, employee groups and community organizations can make a difference by donating items in high indigence at the Food Bank canned meats, fish and peanut butter macaroni & discontinue and pasta meals, powdered milk, baby principle and baby food complete meals in a can such as stew, chili, ravioli and hearty soups canned fruits, juice and vegetables dry cereal, oatmeal, rice and pasta.Approximately 24% of the food we distribute comes from food drives and individual contributions while about $275,000 of our budget is pass on purchasing food. Donate non-food resources The Food Bank benefits from the support of many who provide in-kind services and donations of supplies and equipment. Please call to reason your ideas.With an estimated 33. 6 million Americans in danger of going hungry nationally, and more than 49,000 at risk locally in Northern Nevada, hunger is a problem that affects us a ll. As an individual, you can help in the fight against hunger.Simply click on the button below to fill out the on-line form and donate now Resources http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/poverty http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/needy http//www. casanet. org/program-management/resource-dev/gntwrite. htm http//sofia. usgs. gov/projects/scopesofwork03/wca2elev. html http//www. netfoodbank. org/inthenews. htm Hunger and th http//www. fbnn. org/study. shtmle Elderly.Work Breakdown social organization Responsibility Matrix Promotion paper Radio Mailings Flyers Counselors Recruiting Volunteer Greeters Interviewers Food planning Equipment Prepares Eating Areas Services Set-up Clean-up Food entrepot Restrooms Sercuity.